河貍（學(xué)名：Castor fiber），是河貍科、河貍屬的動物。河貍軀體肥大，雌、雄無明顯差異，頭短鈍，眼小，頸短，四肢短寬，前肢短，足小、具強(qiáng)爪，后肢粗壯有力，尾大、扁平。

The beaver (scientific name: Castor fiber) is an animal of the genus Castor or family. The beaver has a large body, no obvious difference between female and male, short and blunt head, small eyes, short neck, short and wide limbs, short forelimbs, small feet with strong claws, strong and powerful hind limbs, and large and flat tail.

生活營

河貍夜間活動，白天很少出洞，善游泳和潛水，不冬眠，自衛(wèi)能力很弱，膽小，喜食多種植物的嫩枝、樹皮、樹根，每年繁殖1次，每胎1-6仔，棲息于寒溫帶和亞寒帶森林河流沿岸，主要分布于歐洲，其他地區(qū)數(shù)量較少。

Beavers are active at night, rarely out of the hole during the day, good at swimming and diving, do not hibernate, self-defense ability is very weak, timid, like to eat a variety of plant shoots, bark, roots, reproduce once a year, 1-6 children per litter, inhabits in the cold temperate zone and subfrigid zone forest along the river, mainly distributed in Europe, other regions less.

河貍一般在近水處筑巢，巢室用枝條和泥土搭成，離地面高0.8-1.9m。河貍棲居方式大體有洞居、巢居和洞巢居結(jié)合體3類。洞居有永久性和臨時性兩種。每年春泛期，由于冰雪融化，河水泛濫，部分河貍洞系被洪水淹沒，迫使這些河貍進(jìn)行短距離遷移，在支渠或小島上修筑簡單的洞穴，供臨時或避難用。永久性的洞穴是河貍越冬、繁殖的場所，結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜。洞系一般分布在河岸較高（距冰面1.5m以上）地段；洞巢結(jié)合體（即地下有洞系，地面上添加一個土木結(jié)構(gòu)的巢）多分布在河岸距冰面高度1.5m以下的中型河岸上。單純的巢，則筑在沼澤中或淺水地的島上。這些洞系和洞巢多處于水流平緩，水深一般在2m以上，河寬15m左右的河彎地段。

Beavers generally nest near the water, and the nest room is made of branches and soil, which is 0.8-1.9m high from the ground. There are three types of living patterns of beavers: cave dwelling, nest dwelling and cave nest combination. Caves can be either permanent or temporary. Every year during the spring flood, due to the melting of snow and ice, the river is flooded, and some of the beaver cave system is flooded, forcing these beavers to move short distances and build simple caves in branch canals or islands for temporary or refuge. The permanent cave is a place for the beaver to overwinter and breed, and its structure is more complex. The cave system is generally distributed in the higher part of the river bank (above 1.5m from the ice surface). Cavity and nest combinations (i.e. nests with holes in the ground and a civil structure added to the ground) are mostly distributed on medium banks with a height of 1.5m from the ice surface. A simple nest is built in a marsh or on an island in shallow water. These cave systems and cave nests are mostly in the gentle water flow, the water depth is generally more than 2m, and the river width is about 15m

分布營

分布于：白俄羅斯、中國、法國、德國、哈薩克斯坦、盧森堡、蒙古、挪威、俄羅斯聯(lián)邦；區(qū)域性滅絕：摩爾多瓦、葡萄牙、土耳其、英國；引入：奧地利、比利時、克羅地亞、捷克共和國、丹麥、愛沙尼亞、芬蘭、匈牙利、意大利、拉脫維亞、列支敦士登、立陶宛、黑山、荷蘭、波蘭、羅馬尼亞、塞爾維亞、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亞、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、烏克蘭；來源不確定：保加利亞，北美有阿拉斯加州。

在中國僅分布于新疆東北部的青河、布爾根河和烏倫古河等水體。

Distributed in: Belarus, China, France, Germany, Kazakhstan, Luxembourg, Mongolia, Norway, Russian Federation; Regional extinctions: Moldova, Portugal, Turkey, United Kingdom; Introduced in: Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine; Uncertain source: Bulgaria, Alaska in North America.

In China, it is only distributed in the Qinghe River, Burgen River and Ulungu River in the northeast of Xinjiang.